Exogenous Auditory Spatial Attention Essay Example for Free

Exogenous Auditory Spatial Attention Essay Experiment one and two investigated exogenous covert auditory spatial attention. Experiment two used a white noise cue while experiment one used a 1000 Hz pure tone. Replacing the 1000 Hz with the white noise was deemed necessary due to a majority of the subjects in experiment one who reported high height discrimination with the pure tone. In both experiments a significant response time advantage was found for valid cues at the short SOA of 200ms. While there was no statistical advantage found for valid cues at the longer SOA’s of both 500ms and 1100ms. The results obtained mirror those found by Spence Driver (1994) for exogenous processing in that valid cues produced a response time advantage for short cue-target SOA’s. Exogenous processing of attention according to Posner (1980) refers to events controlling the orienting of attention outside the mechanisms or more specifically stimulus driven responses. The presence of the cue even if it is uninformative have led attention to focus on it albeit in a very short time and hence improved response time but for the short SOA only, it seems that when the SOA increases it takes more time to respond to the stimuli. Endogenous orienting is said to be a cognitive process wherein attention is â€Å"pushed† to the location where the target is expected (Spence Driver, 1994). Experiments 3, 4 and 5 tested endogenous auditory attention as opposed to the first two experiments which tested exogenous processing. Experiment 3 was similar to one of Spence and Driver’s experiment (4, 1994) with a slight variation in that informative cues were generated from a 3-dimensional sound apparatus. The informative cues used differed from the uninformative spatial cues of experiment 1 and 2. It was found that for this experiment (3) response time was faster for all SOA levels. The results differed from the first experiment where response time was found for the short term SOA (200ms) only. This tells us that in exogenous â€Å"stimulus driven† cueing, response time advantage is faster for the short term SOA because the attention is reacting only to the stimulus and it is for the short SOA only (100-500ms) when reaction to stimulus is immediate, as demonstrated in the first two experiments there is a drop-off in response time with longer SOA (600ms+). This drop-off in response time is referred to as inhibition of return and is a cost to the attentional system. In other words, when the subject knows that the cue is not helpful in determining the location of the target, the cue would be ignored, but right immediately the cue, attention is drawn to it even if unintentionally and for a very short time. Thus, when no other useful information is presented in that area of space the attentional focus wanders to other possible target locations. The faster response time for all SOA levels in experiment 3 says that the use of informative cues pushes attention towards the target. It was predicted that significant response time advantage would occur at the middle and long SOA levels (500ms and 1100ms) for valid cues as opposed to the invalid cues. It is clear that when subjects are cued as to the likely location of the target they attend to and use this information in looking for the location of the target. On acquisition of the cue information, the subject can shift spatial attention to the likely location of the subsequent target location. Due to the cognitive nature of the allocation of spatial attention to the cued location, believed to be a longer process than that of a stimulus driven attention capture, a strong response time advantage may not be found at short SOA (100-300ms). A cognitive based search for the target location would necessarily entail neural processes and this are indicative of covert orienting and is indicative that there is covert auditory attention as claimed by Spence and Driver (1994). In experiment 3 a significant response time advantage was found at all SOA’s for valid cues. Despite the significant response time advantage found for valid cues at the short SOA (200ms), these results were expected. Theory suggests that with a cognitive based search an informative cue will aid the detection and discrimination of a subsequent target at the cued location. This was observed in the results obtained with all SOA conditions showing a significant response time advantage. While the significant response time advantage found for the short SOA condition (200ms) is not necessary expected with a cognitive based cue, the cue used in experiment 3 (and in subsequent experiment 5) was both informative and spatial based. Therefore theory would suggest that both exogenous and endogenous processing would occur. The initial capture of attention to the spatial location of the cue would aid response time advantage at the short SOA condition (200ms), while the knowledge that the cue is informative would keep attention focused on the spatial location of the cue for longer aiding response time advantage for the other SOA conditions (500ms 1100ms). The results of experiment 3 however led to the question of whether spatial component of the informative cues affected the response time of the subjects, since like Spence and Driver (1994) the experimental conditions for experiment three was a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors. To test for a purely endogenous orientation, experiment four was carried out with this objective.

Its Time for Americans to Understand that Freedom Isnt Free Essay

It's Time for Americans to Understand that Freedom Isn't Free I feel inspired and patriotic every time I see a car’s back bumper sticker featuring an American flag stating, â€Å"Freedom Isn’t Free!† The moral clarity of those words rings as true as the Liberty Bell. Those Americans that do not fathom the significance of the motto Freedom Isn’t Free suffer from the very problematic â€Å"victim/slave mentality,† which ultimately will become a future reality should more citizens not heed the simple message the sage language conveys. Yes it indeed bears repeating, â€Å"Freedom Is Not Free!† Its acquisition from King George’s England involved struggle, its maintenance throughout the first two and a quarter centuries of our Great Republic required sacrifice and its continuation demands perseverance. Wise people fully realize that struggle, sacrifice and perseverance are the vital characteristics of freedom, democracy and independence. In the late 1930s complaisant European nations were lulled into the jaws of the very dangerous â€Å"victim/slave mentality.† Weak democracies tried placating and accommodating the tyrannical proponents of the Communist, Socialist and Fascist ideologies and Europe soon found itself in jeopardy with maniacs like Stalin, Hitler and Mussolini threatening the existence of taken-for-granted freedom and human rights. Thanks to the intervention of the United States Hitler and Mussolini were defeated (despite incredible adversity) and Europe was salvaged from the scourge of Fascism. But Nazi Fascism did not go away meekly. Its defeat required intensive struggle, sacrifice and perseverance with over 50 million military and civilian deaths occurring during the widespread devastation. Yes, during War World II the social a... ...civilians with ordinary families. Their wicked goal is to see Manhattan, Washington DC, Chicago, Philadelphia or Los Angeles totally obliterated. We cannot allow this to happen even though our solution might endanger the rights of â€Å"suspected war criminals† that think your neighborhood is their battlefield. If the anti-war â€Å"victim/slave mentality† should ever become the majority opinion in America, then the lyrics of the rock group Kansas would become prophetic truth, â€Å"All we are is dust in wind!† Let’s be wary and vigilant and not permit horrific catastrophe to happen! Wake up all you American Apologists while you still have precious breath in your lungs to do your pathetic apologizing! It’s now time for all Americans to openly acknowledge that Freedom Isn’t Free and that these dire times require the tried and true virtues of struggle, sacrifice and perseverance.

House-guest

To be a house-guest there are many responsibilities such as schedule which, a perfect house-guest would call ahead that they are coming and commit to the time they are arriving and leaving. Guests should know how long to stay at someone else's place and not stay too long to make the person who owns the house annoyed of them. Another responsibility Is that a guest should come with gifts to show appreciation. The gift does not have to be something expensive, just to show that you aspect them that they are letting you stay at their house.Guests should respect the host and not tell them that something of their house or taste sucks. Guests should make the host feel good by telling them how beautiful their house is. Meals is another responsibility house-guests should know that they should not always depend on the host to make them food all the times. Guests should at least offer for help to make the meals or even make meal themselves to show their generosity.Privacy is a gig responsibility because the host could be still working and the guest would be on holiday that they are staying at the hosts home. The guest should respect the fact that the host Is not on a holiday and do things them self or even help the host out by having food ready for them before they come back home. Appreciation Is Important for a house-guest because that would show the host they liked being there and that they actually took the time to appreciate the stay this way the host would even invite the guests back.

My Love Is Like To Ice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1153 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2018/12/29 Category Poetry Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Poem Essay Renaissance Essay Did you like this example? The poem makes me sympathize with the persona as I read it through. The statement,Ice which is congealed with the senseless cold should kindle fire by wonderful device makes a revelation how much the persona struggles but he is still never understood. This part makes me feel the sadness that the author has due to moments of being let down despite his manifestation of love to her. When I relate all the struggles that the persona has, the sonnet makes me sad and full of sympathy. The poem was written during the Renaissance period; the age of the likes of Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Sir Philip Sidney among others. This period was characterized by significant minds who produced the best literary work in history. Their pieces of work especially the poem were masterpieces. The work of these writers in this era has however undergone severe alterations and changes thus the efforts to acquire the original information at that time has proved to excessively challenging. Various kinds of poems ranging from epic to ballad gained fame among writers and audience in the form of manuscripts, recitations and prints between 1509; the period when Henry viii reigned to 1660 when the commonwealth came to an end. The poets of this era observed the era of early modern history, how turbulent it was and measured it regarding glorious allegorical past. The poets then started focusing on human desires as well as the elementary matters of distinctiveness and prejudice. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Love Is Like To Ice" essay for you Create order The literary work devised at this period was characterized by various qualities such as detachment, play, mockery, disdain, entreaty and intense self-scrutiny among others. These qualities matured with time in the work of different writers. However, Renaissance poetry is divided into 2; the Tudor period of 1485-1603 and the Stuart period of 1603-1649. The boundary of Stuart and Tudor period poetry is critical in explaining the challenging epic and sonnet by innumerable poetic apprehensions such as devout poetry and satire. This helps in expounding on and accounting for the growing assertion onstrong lines existing in various minds and work of poets based on the writing styles employed. The dissections can, however, barricade the observation of similarities that exist between different writers who are said to share various correspondences as portrayed in the areas they explore in their work as well as the styles of writing employed. The poetic work of renaissance period is extraordina ry when we talk about its quality, emotional complexity, rhetorical genius, variety and depth. Spenser; the prince of the poet in his time travelled far and wide. He worked in various posts and was well educated. He also admired other peoples work. His best poet was Geoffrey Chaucer. This means that for a person to be a great writer, he must be able to express himself and also have experience with various issues in life that form the subject of his work. Just like Spenser, one must be willing to carry out his passion regardless of being involved in other duties. One must also be willing to explore areas of interest to the people in the best way possible to capture the audience interest, and attention since every work that one does is intended to impress the people. It would, therefore, be a great loss to explore areas that are never captivating. The theme of this poem is how uneven love can be. The pet has used various stylistic devices to bring out the theme in the best way possible. Being a Sensperian sonnet, the poem has a rhymes scheme of abab bcbc cdcd ee. The title of the poem is numbered sonnet since this is one of the many poems that Spenser made. The bit in parenthesis indicates a contrast that exists between words and even emotions. Spenser tries to deliver the message of how uneven love can be to the reader. Through the use of words and rhymes, he explains to the readers that despite the differences in feelings between two people, love will always shade your sanities of veracity and erroneous. Simile as a form of imagery is employed in the poem to convey the authors message. The figurative form of language is used to stress the disparity of ice and fire.My love is like to ice and I to fire is a direct simile that in imagery form tries to explain the disparity existing between the feeling and emotions of two persons (line 1). Consonance and assonance are found in the sounds that have been repeated thus being able to make an emphasis on the images that the writer desires to trail. There is the use of theth sound in line two that helps in penetrating through the fancies of the reader thus depicting the punitive aspects of the cold. A wide variety of emotions are expressed in the poem. The beginning of the poem is used to as a mien of exasperation that the writer has in his present state. The author in the second stanza wonders why he is not understood despite the efforts that he puts to make her happy. His worries are because, despite everything that he does, he is always let down. The final stanza shows a shift in emotions where he states the message of the poem. He states that love is strong enough to blind a persons senses of right and wrong. This statement is used to show the intense emotions that he has and indicates that despite what happens, he still loves her so much. This work is a masterpiece that should be admired by the present day audience. It should provide an insight into the fields that when explored capture the audience the most. The present-day audience should learn that the fields explored during the renaissance times are not so different from what is explored in the current era. The only variance is the disparity in the language used and the manner in which the message is communicated. However, this work is equally or even more attractive than the writings of the current era. Present day audience should therefore not ignore the work done at this time since it is rather more entertaining than they can even fathom. The work of Edmund Spenser is from the renaissance time. That alone made me despise the work so much. I thought the message in work would be rather vague and so archaic for me to understand. However, when I read the poem, I realized that this piece of work is one of the most entertaining poems that I have ever come across. The styles of writing are perfectly employed and the message communicated is flawless. The manner in which the message has been communicated is unbelievably touching. At the end of it, this work changed the way I viewed the work done at ancient times and made me gain interest in exploring more of this kind of work made in the renaissance and classical periods.